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The revolution was unique for the surprise it created throughout the world, [48] and followed the maxim of appearing "impossible" until it seemed "inevitable". [49] Some of the customary causes of revolution that were lacking include defeat at war, peasant rebellion, gigantic national debt, poor economy; disgruntled military [50]
The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in society. [178] Beyond rhetoric, thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself, [179] and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male counterparts. [180]
Afshari, M. R. “The Pishivaran and Merchants in Precapitalist Iranian Society: An Essay on the Background and Causes of the Constitutional Revolution.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 15(2), 133-155. Amuzegar, J. The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution: The Pahlavis' Triumph and Tragedy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
After the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution, Nouri, as the leader of the Constitutional Revolution's opponents, was celebrated enough in the Islamic Republic to have an expressway named after him. [39] This was despite the fact that Nouri was defending the monarchy against the constitution, and the Islamic Revolution (before Khomeini consolidated ...
The Revolutionary Guard or Pasdaran-e Enqelab, was established by a decree issued by Khomeini on May 5, 1979 "to protect the revolution from destructive forces and counter-revolutionaries," [16] i.e., as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Iranian military, which had been part of the Shah's power base. 6,000 persons ...
The revolution caused a deep rift between Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Iranian Shia religious scholars, Ulama. They claimed these changes were a serious threat to Islam. Imam Khomeini was one of the objectors [8] who held a meeting with other Maraji and scholars in Qom and boycotted the referendum of the revolution. On January 22, 1963, Khomeini ...
From 1941 to 1979, Iran was ruled by King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah. On February 11, 1979, the Islamic Revolution swept the country.
A group of critics believe that the author has leftist intellectual tendencies. [8] And he is one of the orientalists who, with a Marxist theoretical framework, aims to examine the course of social developments in Iran between the two constitutional revolution and the Islamic revolution, and it seems that with emphasizing on the economic factors, the author intended to show that the Iranian ...