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The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F). [44] The estimate is uncertain, but probably lies within 0.5 °C of the true value. [44]
Older Peron warm and wet, global sea levels were 2.5 to 4 meters (8 to 13 feet) higher than the twentieth-century average 3900: 5.9 kiloyear event dry and cold. 3500: End of the African humid period, Neolithic Subpluvial in North Africa, expands Sahara Desert 3000 – 0: Neopluvial in North America 3,200–2,900: Piora Oscillation, cold ...
Late Cenomanian sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean were substantially warmer than today (~27-29 °C). [2] Turonian equatorial SSTs are conservatively estimated based on δ18O and high p CO 2 estimates to have been ~32 °C, but may have been as high as 36 °C. [ 10 ]
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago, approximately one-third the age of the universe, by accretion from the solar nebula. [4] [5] [6] Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere and then the ocean, but the early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with ...
The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. [46] The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either ...
[10] [11] These predictions suggest ocean temperatures of 55–85 °C during the period of , followed by cooling to more mild temperatures of between 10-40 °C by Reconstructed proteins from Precambrian organisms have also provided evidence that the ancient world was much warmer than today.
The temperature on land rose by 1.59 °C while over the ocean it rose by 0.88 °C. [3] In 2020 the temperature was 1.2 °C above the pre-industrial era. [ 4 ] In September 2023 the temperature was 1.75 °C above pre-industrial level and during the entire year of 2023 is expected to be 1.4 °C above it.
Earth's energy imbalance (EEI) was about 0.7 W/m 2 as of around 2015, indicating that Earth as a whole is accumulating thermal energy and is in a process of becoming warmer. [22]: 934 Over 90% of the retained energy goes into warming the oceans, with much smaller amounts going into heating the land, atmosphere, and ice. [51]