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The plates in the lorica segmentata armor were made by overlapping ferrous plates that were then riveted to straps made from leather. [1] [4] [5] It is unknown what animal was used to make the leather and if it was tanned or tawed. [1] The plates were made of soft iron on the inside and rolled mild steel on the outside. [1]
Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes. The centurions, who made up the officer ranks, had decorations on their chest plates corresponding to modern medals, and the long cudgels that they carried. Examples of items of Roman military personal armour included: Galea or soldier's helmet.
Plates protecting the torso reappeared in the 1220s as plates directly attached to a knightly garment known as the surcoat. [2] [1] Around 1250 this developed into the coat of plates which continued to be in use for about a century. [3] [1] True breastplates reappear in Europe in 1340 first composed of wrought iron and later of steel.
Reconstruction of a pugio: a Roman soldier from a northern province. A pugio is a dagger that was used by Roman soldiers, likely as a sidearm. Like other items of legionary equipment, the dagger underwent some changes during the 1st century. Generally, it had a large, leaf-shaped blade 18 to 28 cm long and 5 cm or more in width.
Plate armour in the form of the Lorica segmentata was used by the Roman empire between the 1st century BC and 4th century AD. Single plates of metal armour were again used from the late 13th century on, to protect joints and shins, and these were worn over a mail hauberk.
After about 1340, the plates covering the chest were combined to form an early breastplate, replacing the coat of plates. [3] After 1370, the breastplate covered the entire torso. [ 3 ] Different forms of the coat of plates, known as the brigandine and jack of plates , remained in use until the late 16th century.
Kasten-brust armour was a style of early gothic armour widely used in the Holy Roman Empire. Typical harness construction consists of: a grand-bascinet helm or a bicoque helmet, box-shaped cuirass , gauntlets with a long cuff and a rectangular cutout and a plate skirt known as a tonlet.
Decimatio – a form of extreme military discipline used by officers in the Roman Army to punish mutinous or cowardly soldiers in exceptional cases. A cohort selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten; each group cast lots, and the soldier on whom the lot fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by stoning or ...