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Littlewood's three principles are quoted in several real analysis texts, for example Royden, [2] Bressoud, [3] and Stein & Shakarchi. [4] Royden [5] gives the bounded convergence theorem as an application of the third principle. The theorem states that if a uniformly bounded sequence of functions converges pointwise, then their integrals on a ...
The theorem is a special case of the polynomial remainder theorem. [1] [2] The theorem results from basic properties of addition and multiplication. It follows that the theorem holds also when the coefficients and the element belong to any commutative ring, and not just a field.
According to the four-color theorem, every graph that can be drawn in the plane without edge crossings can have its vertices colored using at most four different colors, so that the two endpoints of every edge have different colors, but according to Grötzsch's theorem only three colors are needed for planar graphs that do not contain three ...
Rank–nullity theorem (linear algebra) Rao–Blackwell theorem ; Rashevsky–Chow theorem (control theory) Rational root theorem (algebra, polynomials) Rationality theorem ; Ratner's theorems (ergodic theory) Rauch comparison theorem (Riemannian geometry) Rédei's theorem (group theory) Reeb sphere theorem
For example, a Fourier series of sine and cosine functions, all continuous, may converge pointwise to a discontinuous function such as a step function. Carmichael's totient function conjecture was stated as a theorem by Robert Daniel Carmichael in 1907, but in 1922 he pointed out that his proof was incomplete. As of 2016 the problem is still open.
For example, () = = is the number of different podiums—assignments of gold, silver, and bronze medals—possible in an eight-person race. On the other hand, x ( n ) {\displaystyle x^{(n)}} is "the number of ways to arrange n {\displaystyle n} flags on x {\displaystyle x} flagpoles", [ 8 ] where all flags must be used and each flagpole can ...
It is clear that any finite set {} of points in the complex plane has an associated polynomial = whose zeroes are precisely at the points of that set. The converse is a consequence of the fundamental theorem of algebra: any polynomial function () in the complex plane has a factorization = (), where a is a non-zero constant and {} is the set of zeroes of ().
pdf – probability density function. pf – proof. PGL – projective general linear group. Pin – pin group. pmf – probability mass function. Pn – previous number. Pr – probability of an event. (See Probability theory. Also written as P or.) probit – probit function. PRNG – pseudorandom number generator.