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Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This ...
Knowledge of the most common and severe complications of a disease, procedure, or treatment allows for prevention and preparation for treatment if they should occur. Complications are not to be confused with sequelae , which are residual effects that occur after the acute (initial, most severe) [ 1 ] phase of an illness or injury.
Later reviews in the late 90s and early 2000s noted that this approach of "hit hard, hit early" ran significant risks of increasing side effects and development of multidrug resistance, and this approach was largely abandoned. The only consensus was on treating patients with advanced immunosuppression (CD4 counts less than 350/μL). [29]
Adverse drug reaction is effects arising when drug given even in therapeutic dose either immunologically mediated reaction or pharmacologically mediated adverse response or idiosyncratic reaction due to the peculiarities of individual. Adverse event (AE) is a side effect occurring with a drug. By definition, the causal relationship between the ...
Beneficial side effects are less common; some examples, in many cases of side-effects that ultimately gained regulatory approval as intended effects, are: Bevacizumab , used to slow the growth of blood vessels, has been used against dry age-related macular degeneration, as well as macular edema from diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and ...
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Unlike direct side effects, an adverse event does not necessarily mean the medication directly caused the problem. These events can include any unfavorable symptoms, signs, or medical conditions that appear during medical treatment, regardless of whether they are definitively linked to the specific medication being studied. [1]
The people identified to be most at risk of major adverse side effects in this study were: age >60, females, HIV positive patients, and; Asians. It can be extremely difficult identifying which drug is responsible for which side effect, but the relative frequency of each is known. [52] The offending drugs are given in decreasing order of frequency: