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In topography, a nadir is a point on a surface that is lower in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. [1] Mathematically , a nadir is a local minimum of elevation. A nadir may be the lowest point of a dry basin or depression , or the deepest point of a body of water or ice .
Nadir also refers to the downward-facing viewing geometry of an orbiting satellite, [2] such as is employed during remote sensing of the atmosphere, as well as when an astronaut faces the Earth while performing a spacewalk. A nadir image is a satellite image or aerial photo of the Earth taken vertically.
The astronomical meridian is also determined by the zenith, and is defined as a circle on the celestial sphere that passes through the zenith, nadir, and the celestial poles. A zenith telescope is a type of telescope designed to point straight up at or near the zenith, and used for precision measurement of star positions, to simplify telescope ...
Nadir comes from ottoman empire (old turkish) with the meaning of "down". Zenith comes from roman empire (latin) with the meaning of "up". Nadir and Zenith are 2 directions that they can help people to orient themselves. Attention!!! North Pole and South Pole with Nadir and Zenith are a total differention. Poles are points and N&Z are directions.
The book advocates replacing the usual basic quantities of trigonometry, Euclidean distance and angle measure, by squared distance and the square of the sine of the angle, respectively. This is logically equivalent to the standard development (as the replacement quantities can be expressed in terms of the standard ones and vice versa).
An Appendix to Euclid's Elements in Seven Books, Containing Forty-two Copper-plates, In Which the Doctrine of Solids, Delivered in the XIth, XIIth, and XVth Books of Euclid, is Illustrated by New-invented Schemes Cut Out of Paste-Board. Watkins. Poinsot, Louis (1810). Mémoire sur les polygones et sur les polyèdres (in French).
Graduate Texts in Mathematics (GTM) (ISSN 0072-5285) is a series of graduate-level textbooks in mathematics published by Springer-Verlag.The books in this series, like the other Springer-Verlag mathematics series, are yellow books of a standard size (with variable numbers of pages).
It contains many important results in plane and solid geometry, algebra (books II and V), and number theory (book VII, VIII, and IX). [52] More than any specific result in the publication, it seems that the major achievement of this publication is the promotion of an axiomatic approach as a means for proving results.