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Anonychia is the failure to form fingernails or toenails. [ 1 ] It is an anomaly which may be the result of a congenital ectodermal defect, ichthyosis , severe infection, severe allergic contact dermatitis , self-inflicted trauma , Raynaud phenomenon , lichen planus , epidermolysis bullosa , or severe exfoliative diseases.
Cooks syndrome is a hereditary disorder which is characterized in the hands by bilateral nail hypoplasia on the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, absence of fingernails on the ring finger and little finger, lengthening of the thumbs, and bulbousness of the fingers.
Onychorrhexis also known as brittle nails, is brittleness with breakage of fingernails or toenails. Paronychia is a bacterial or fungal infection where the nail and skin meet. Koilonychia is when the nail curves upwards (becomes spoon-shaped) due to an iron deficiency. The normal process of change is: brittle nails, straight nails, spoon-shaped ...
The lack of development or complete absence of fingernails results from the loss of function mutations in the LMX1B gene. This mutation may cause a reduction in dorsalising signals, which then results in the failure to normally develop dorsal specific structures such as nails and patellae. [10]
Koilonychia, also known as spoon nails, [1]: 782 is a nail disease that can be a sign of hypochromic anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia. [ 2 ] : 656 [ 3 ] It refers to abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape.
Individuals with this condition typically have the following symptoms: complete absence of both the deciduous and permanent teeth, cone-shaped canines and incisors, generalized dysplasia of the nails, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, chronic skin dryness, and variable degrees of both hypotrichosis and either hyperhidrosis or hypohidrosis. [1] [2]
But, as it progresses, it causes unsightly, discolored and crumbling nails. Neglecting these symptoms can result in more severe issues, such as pain and discomfort, especially when wearing shoes.
When kept dry and away from further trauma, the nail will reattach from the base upward (i.e., from proximal to distal). The aim of treatment is also to eliminate onychomycosis that is a major cause of onycholysis. Antifungals like terbinafin and itraconazole in the form of oral pills should be given for 6 to 8 weeks. [11]