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Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]
Both of the above are derived from the following two equations that define a logarithm: (note that in this explanation, the variables of and may not be referring to the same number) log b ( y ) = x b x = y {\displaystyle \log _{b}(y)=x\iff b^{x}=y}
The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x, log e x, or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x. [2] [3] Parentheses are sometimes added for clarity, giving ln(x), log e (x), or log(x). This is done particularly when the argument to the logarithm is not a single symbol, so as to prevent ambiguity.
It can also be useful when applied to functions raised to the power of variables or functions. Logarithmic differentiation relies on the chain rule as well as properties of logarithms (in particular, the natural logarithm , or the logarithm to the base e ) to transform products into sums and divisions into subtractions.
This formula indicates that when taking any positive integer n and dividing it by each positive integer k less than n, the average fraction by which the quotient n/k falls short of the next integer tends to γ (rather than 0.5) as n tends to infinity. Closely related to this is the rational zeta series expression. By taking separately the first ...
The expression is left undefined since there is no complex number satisfying =. [ 1 ] When the notation log z {\displaystyle \log z} appears without any particular logarithm having been specified, it is generally best to assume that the principal value is intended.
The notation convention chosen here (with W 0 and W −1) follows the canonical reference on the Lambert W function by Corless, Gonnet, Hare, Jeffrey and Knuth. [3]The name "product logarithm" can be understood as follows: since the inverse function of f(w) = e w is termed the logarithm, it makes sense to call the inverse "function" of the product we w the "product logarithm".
Many properties of the real logarithm also apply to the logarithmic derivative, even when the function does not take values in the positive reals. For example, since the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors, we have () ′ = ( + ) ′ = () ′ + () ′.