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Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. [2] [5] Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. [1] Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas. [1]
A bowel obstruction is generally a mechanical obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract and can occur anywhere from the Ligament of Treitz to the anus. When the obstruction affects only the small intestine, it is generally referred to as a small bowel obstruction to distinguish it from a colonic obstruction, which may or may not affect the ...
Once a fistula has formed, a stone may travel from the gallbladder into the bowel and become lodged almost anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Obstruction occurs most commonly at the near the distal ileum, within 60 cm proximally to the ileocecal valve. [2] [3] Rarely, gallstone ileus may recur if the underlying fistula is not treated. [4]
Small intestine(at center) Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome ( DIOS ) involves obstruction of the distal part of the small intestines by thickened intestinal content and occurs in about 20% of mainly adult individuals with cystic fibrosis . [ 1 ]
An enterocele is a protrusion of peritoneal folds between the rectum and the vagina containing a loop of the small intestine. [19] It is abnormal descent of the small bowel in a deep pouch of Douglas. [20] Enterocoele may develop because of weakening pelvic floor, multiple pregnancies, hysterectomy, and long term chronic straining.
Volvulus causes severe pain and progressive injury to the intestinal wall, with accumulation of gas and fluid in the portion of the bowel obstructed. [11] Ultimately, this can result in necrosis of the affected intestinal wall, acidosis, and death. This is known as a closed-loop obstruction because there exists an isolated ("closed") loop of bowel.
Bowel infarction or gangrenous bowel represents an irreversible injury to the intestine resulting from insufficient blood flow. It is considered a medical emergency because it can quickly result in life-threatening infection and death. [1] Any cause of bowel ischemia, the earlier reversible form of injury, may ultimately lead to infarction if ...
It typically involves the small intestine and less commonly the large intestine. [1] Symptoms include abdominal pain which may come and go, vomiting, abdominal bloating, and bloody stool. [1] It often results in a small bowel obstruction. [1] Other complications may include peritonitis or bowel perforation. [1]