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Meso-zeaxanthin, lutein, and 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin are the main carotenoids in the macula lutea, found in a ratio of 1:1:1, and are collectively referred to as macular pigment (MP). [3] Meso-zeaxanthin is concentrated at the epicentre of the macula, where it accounts for around 50% of MP at this location, with lutein dominating the peripheral macula.
Zeaxanthin is the pigment that gives paprika, corn, saffron, wolfberries (goji), and many other plants their characteristic colors of red, orange or yellow. [2] [18] Spirulina is also a rich source and can serve as a dietary supplement. [25] Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma ...
Safranal is an effective anticonvulsant in animal models, shown to act as an agonist at GABA A receptors. [1] [2] Safranal also exhibits high antioxidant activity, [3] [4] along with cytotoxicity towards cancer cells in vitro. [5]
Examples of other rich sources include papaya, peaches, prunes, and squash, which contain lutein diesters. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Kale contains about 18mg lutein and zeaxanthin per 100g, spinach about 11mg/100g, parsley about 6mg/100g, peas about 3mg/110g, squash about 2mg/100g, and pistachios about 1mg/100g.
Astaxanthin / æ s t ə ˈ z æ n θ ɪ n / is a keto-carotenoid within a group of chemical compounds known as carotenones or terpenes. [3] [4] [5] Astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin, containing both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups.
Natural skin care uses topical creams and lotions made of ingredients available in nature. [1] Much of the recent literature reviews plant-derived ingredients, which may include herbs, roots, flowers and essential oils, [2] [3] [4] but natural substances in skin care products include animal-derived products such as beeswax, and minerals.
Violaxanthin is the product of the epoxidation of zeaxanthin where the oxygen atoms are from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such ROS's arise when a plant is subject to solar radiation so intense that the light cannot all be absorbed by the chlorophyll.
There are three primary types of plant oil, differing both the means of extracting the relevant parts of the plant, and in the nature of the resulting oil: Vegetable fats and oils were historically extracted by putting part of the plant under pressure, squeezing out the oil. Macerated oils consist of a base oil to which parts of plants are added.