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In iconography, the evangelists often appear in Evangelist portraits derived from classical tradition, and are also frequently represented by the symbols which originate from the four "living creatures" that draw the throne-chariot of God in the vision in Ezekiel 1 reflected in the Book of Revelation , referred to as the four 'Seraphim', though ...
Each Gospel of the Four Evangelists, the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, may be prefaced by a portrait of the Evangelist, usually occupying a full page. Their symbols may be shown with them, or separately. Often they are the only figurative illumination in the manuscript. They are a common feature in larger Gospel Books from the ...
By the 5th century, images of the Evangelists evolved into their respective tetramorphs. [3] By the later Middle Ages, the tetramorph in the form of creatures was used less frequently. Instead, the Evangelists were often shown in their human forms accompanied by their symbolic creatures, or as men with the heads of animals. [24]
A collective term for the symbols of the four Evangelists is the Tetramorphs. Each of the four Evangelists is accompanied by his respective symbol in his miniature portrait in the manuscript. In these portraits, Matthew, Mark, and Luke are shown writing, while John looks straight ahead at the reader holding his scroll. [42]
[3] Depictions of Christ enthroned were common among Italian and Greek Byzantine painters, who produced many versions of the theme. Tzanes's composition includes symbols of the Four Evangelists around the throne, making it a notable example of a pairing which occurs frequently in paintings of the Cretan and Heptanese schools.
The number of Evangelists was settled c. 200 when Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons in Gaul decreed that the four Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, were the Canonical Gospels. The four Evangelists’ accounts were said to “tell the same, doctrinally correct story.” [ 10 ] They are all pictured with their respective emblems in the miniatures.
The reliefs show the Four Evangelists with their symbols and background foliage in the compartments at top and bottom, and two figures each in four compartments on the sides. The lowest figures on each side are (left) the young Emperor Otto III with (right) his regent and mother Theophanu (d. 991).
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