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Hiroaki Ota, a Japanese psychiatrist working at the Sainte-Anne Hospital Center in France, coined the term in the 1980s and published a book of the same name in 1991. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Katada Tamami of Nissei Hospital wrote of a Japanese patient with manic-depression , who experienced Paris syndrome in 1998.
In the mid-20th century, researchers theorized that depression was caused by a chemical imbalance in neurotransmitters in the brain, a theory based on observations made in the 1950s of the effects of reserpine and isoniazid in altering monoamine neurotransmitter levels and affecting depressive symptoms. [32]
The Great Depression in France started in about 1931 and lasted through the remainder of the decade. The crisis started in France a bit later than other countries. [ 1 ] The 1920s economy had grown at the very strong rate of 4.43% per year, the 1930s rate fell to only 0.63%. [ 2 ]
The basis of the current conceptualisation of manic-depressive illness can be traced back to the 1850s; on January 31, 1854, Jules Baillarger described to the French Imperial Academy of Medicine a biphasic mental illness causing recurrent oscillations between mania and depression, which he termed folie à double forme ('dual-form insanity'). [12]
The tainted bread made by Briand was made with only four ingredients: flour, yeast, water and salt. All of the ingredients but the flour could be easily discounted as sources of the illness. The water used to make the bread was from a municipal source, the same that also supplied the rest of the village.
Depression (kinesiology), an anatomical term of motion, refers to downward movement, the opposite of elevation; Depression (physiology), a reduction in a biological variable or the function of an organ; Central nervous system depression, physiological depression of the central nervous system that can result in loss of consciousness
The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis and during the first year after childbirth. [9] The risk of major depression has also been related to environmental stressors faced by population groups such as war combatants or physicians in training. [10] [11]
Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders make a substantial contribution to the global burden of disease (GBD). [12] This is a global measure of so-called disability-adjusted life years (DALY's) assigned to a certain disease/disorder, which is a sum of the years lived with disability and years of life lost due to this disease within the total population.