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The price-to-book ratio, or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all assets minus liabilities owned by a company). The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same.
The price-to-book ratio (P/B) is a commonly used benchmark comparing market value to the accounting book value of the firm's assets. The price/sales ratio and EV/sales ratios measure value relative to sales. These multiples must be used with caution as both sales and book values are less likely to be value drivers than earnings.
The Number represents the geometric mean of the maximum that one would pay based on earnings and based on book value. Graham writes: [2] Current price should not be more than 1 1 ⁄ 2 times the book value last reported. However a multiplier of earnings below 15 could justify a correspondingly higher multiplier of assets.
An asset's initial book value is its actual cash value or its acquisition cost. Cash assets are recorded or "booked" at actual cash value. Assets such as buildings, land and equipment are valued based on their acquisition cost, which includes the actual cash cost of the asset plus certain costs tied to the purchase of the asset, such as broker fees.
[2] [7] [8] Benjamin Clark, the founder of the blog and investment service ModernGraham, acknowledges the footnote and argues that "I consider the footnote to be more of a reminder from Graham that the calculation of an intrinsic value [9] is not an exact science and cannot be done with 100% certainty."
Cash flow ratio or Price/cash flow ratio [30] Market Price per Share / Present Value of Cash Flow per Share Price to book value ratio (P/B or PBV) [30] Market Price per Share / Balance Sheet Price per Share Price/sales ratio Market Price per Share / Gross Sales PEG ratio Price per Earnings / Annual EPS Growth
Tobin's q [a] (or the q ratio, and Kaldor's v), is the ratio between a physical asset's market value and its replacement value.It was first introduced by Nicholas Kaldor in 1966 in his paper: Marginal Productivity and the Macro-Economic Theories of Distribution: Comment on Samuelson and Modigliani.
Simple example If an investor owns 10 shares of a stock purchased for $4 per share, and that stock now trades at $6, the "mark-to-market" value of the shares is equal to (10 shares * $6), or $60, whereas the book value might (depending on the accounting principles used) equal only $40.