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In relational databases, the information schema (information_schema) is an ANSI-standard set of read-only views that provide information about all of the tables, views, columns, and procedures in a database. [1] It can be used as a source of the information that some databases make available through non-standard commands, such as:
This allows indexes to be defined for common query conditions that depend on data in a table, but are not actually stored in that table. A common use for an expression index is to support case-insensitive searching or constraints. For example, if a web site wants to make user names case-insensitive, but still preserve the case as originally ...
Although not in standard, most DBMS allows using a select clause without a table by pretending that an imaginary table with one row is used. This is mainly used to perform calculations where a table is not needed. The SELECT clause specifies a list of properties (columns) by name, or the wildcard character (“*”) to mean “all properties”.
Tables, a set of values organized into rows and columns; Indexes, a data structure providing faster queries (at the expense of slower writing and storage to maintain the index structure) Views, a virtual table that is made as it is queried; Synonyms, alternate names for a table, view, sequence or other object in a database
SPUFI (SQL Processor Using File Input) is a database facility invented by IBM for interfacing with their Db2 system. It is accessed from within TSO ISPF from the DB2I Primary Option menu. SPUFI allows direct input of SQL commands in the TSO environment, rather than having them embedded within a program.
Each column in an SQL table declares the type(s) that column may contain. ANSI SQL includes the following data types. [14] Character strings and national character strings. CHARACTER(n) (or CHAR(n)): fixed-width n-character string, padded with spaces as needed; CHARACTER VARYING(n) (or VARCHAR(n)): variable-width string with a maximum size of n ...
A common table expression, or CTE, (in SQL) is a temporary named result set, derived from a simple query and defined within the execution scope of a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. CTEs can be thought of as alternatives to derived tables ( subquery ), views , and inline user-defined functions.
The main feature of SQL (non-procedural) is also its drawback: control statements (decision-making or iterative control) cannot be used if only SQL is to be used.PL/SQL provides the functionality of other procedural programming languages, such as decision making, iteration etc.