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Once telephone usage became widespread, work as a telephone operator became a respectable job for middle-class women needing employment. Three medical professions were opened to women in the 19th century: nursing, midwifery, and doctoring. However, it was only in nursing, the one most subject to the supervision and authority of male doctors ...
Since the idea was first advanced by Barbara Welter in 1966, many historians have argued that the subject is far more complex and nuanced than terms such as "Cult of Domesticity" or "True Womanhood" suggest, and that the roles played by and expected of women within the middle-class, 19th-century context were quite varied and often contradictory.
The emerging middle-class norm for women was separate spheres, whereby women avoid the public sphere – the domain of politics, paid work, commerce, and public speaking. Instead, they should dominate in the realm of domestic life, focused on the care of the family, the husband, the children, the household, religion, and moral behaviour. [ 75 ]
Five women officers of the Women's League in Newport, Rhode Island, c. 1899. The club movement [1] is an American women's social movement that started in the mid-19th century and spread throughout the United States. [1] It established the idea that women had a moral duty and responsibility to transform public policy.
The Martha Washingtonians (also known as the Ladies Washingtonian Society) were a group of working [1] class women of the early 19th century committed to the idea of encouraging temperance. [2] The organization was an outgrowth of the Washingtonian temperance movement. As an organization, it was composed of wives, sisters, aunts, daughters and ...
Middle-class women were confined to an idle domestic existence, supervising servants; lower-class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs. Capitalism, therefore, had a negative effect on more powerful women. [39] In a more positive interpretation, Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women's emancipation. [40]
TV presenter Ulrika Jonsson, who claimed Gregg Wallace made a “rape joke” while she appeared on Celebrity MasterChef, has issued a furious response after he blamed “middle-class women of a ...
In 1813, businessman Francis Cabot Lowell formed a company, the Boston Manufacturing Company, and built a textile mill next to the Charles River in Waltham, Massachusetts.. Unlike the earlier Rhode Island System, where only carding and spinning were done in a factory while the weaving was often put out to neighboring farms to be done by hand, the Waltham mill was the first integrated mill in ...