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  2. Literal (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_(mathematical_logic)

    In mathematical logic, a literal is an atomic formula (also known as an atom or prime formula) or its negation. [1] [2] The definition mostly appears in proof theory (of classical logic), e.g. in conjunctive normal form and the method of resolution. Literals can be divided into two types: [2] A positive literal is just an atom (e.g., ).

  3. Algebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra

    It provides methods to find the values that solve all equations in the system at the same time, and to study the set of these solutions. Abstract algebra studies algebraic structures, which consist of a set of mathematical objects together with one or several operations defined on that set. It is a generalization of elementary and linear ...

  4. List of equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equations

    Levy–Mises equations; Lindblad equation; Lorentz equation; Maxwell's equations; Maxwell's relations; Newton's laws of motion; Navier–Stokes equations; Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations; Prandtl–Reuss equations; Prony equation; Rankine–Hugoniot equation; Roothaan equations; Saha ionization equation; Sackur–Tetrode equation ...

  5. Boolean satisfiability problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem

    A clause is a disjunction of literals (or a single literal). A clause is called a Horn clause if it contains at most one positive literal. A formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) if it is a conjunction of clauses (or a single clause). For example, x 1 is a positive literal, ¬x 2 is a negative literal, and x 1 ∨ ¬x 2 is a clause.

  6. Conjunctive normal form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctive_normal_form

    In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs.

  7. Glossary of logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_logic

    The study of the inherent difficulty of computational problems, focusing on the resources needed to solve them, such as time and memory. composition The act of combining simple objects or ideas into a complex whole, or the resulting combination itself. compositionality