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Malignancy, malignant neoplasm and malignant tumor are synonymous with cancer; Malignant ascites; Malignant transformation; Non-oncologic disorders referred to as "malignant" include: Malignant hypertension; Malignant hyperthermia; Malignant otitis externa; Malignant tertian malaria (malaria caused specifically by Plasmodium falciparum)
Potentially-malignant neoplasms include carcinoma in situ. They are localised, and do not invade and destroy but in time, may transform into cancer. Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form metastases and, if untreated or unresponsive to treatment, will generally prove fatal.
The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος (ónkos), meaning "tumor", "volume" or "mass". [2] Oncology is concerned with: The diagnosis of any cancer in a person (pathology) Therapy (e.g. surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other modalities) Follow-up of cancer patients after successful treatment
[2] [7] They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely. [28] [29] All tumor cells show the six hallmarks of cancer. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include: [30]
Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. [1] Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal [2] or ectodermal germ layer during embryogenesis.
A sarcoma is a malignant tumor, a type of cancer that arises from cells of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin. [1] [2] Connective tissue is a broad term that includes bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, vascular, or other structural tissues, and sarcomas can arise in any of these types of tissues.
A nervous system tumor is a tumor that arises within the nervous system, either the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS). [1] [2] Nervous system primary tumors include various types of brain tumor and spinal tumors, such as gliomas, and meningiomas (of the CNS), and schwannomas (of the PNS) and can be either benign or malignant.
This equilibrium becomes disrupted in cancer, as tumors are able to use and control the host's vascular system for their own advancement thanks to the angiogenic switch, a theory initially proposed by Folkman in 1971. [12] This change demonstrates how cancers can take over healthy cellular functions and transform them into malignant ones.