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The four temperaments clockwise from top left (sanguine; phlegmatic; melancholic; choleric) according to an ancient theory of mental states. In ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or humors. Personality types were similarly thought to be determined by the dominant humor in a particular person.
18th-century depiction of the four temperaments: [1] phlegmatic and choleric above, sanguine and melancholic below The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.
Physiognomy of the melancholic temperament (drawing by Thomas Holloway, c.1789, made for Johann Kaspar Lavater's Essays on Physiognomy). Melancholia or melancholy (from Greek: µέλαινα χολή melaina chole, [1] meaning black bile) [2] is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval, and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood ...
Depressive personality disorder, also known as melancholic personality disorder, is a former psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features. Originally included in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-II , [ citation needed ] , depressive personality disorder was removed from the DSM-III and DSM-III-R .
Depression (mood), a state of low mood also known as "melancholia" Major depressive disorder, a mood disorder historically called "melancholia"; Involutional melancholia, a traditional name for a psychiatric disorder affecting mainly elderly or late middle-aged people that is no longer in use
Melancholy may refer to: Melancholia, one of the four temperaments in pre-modern medicine and proto-psychology, representing a state of low mood; Depression (mood), a state of low mood, also known as melancholy; Major depressive disorder, a mood disorder historically called melancholy
Dysthymia (/ d ɪ s ˈ θ aɪ m i ə / dihs-THIY-mee-uh), also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), [3] is a mental and behavioral disorder, [5] specifically a disorder primarily of mood, consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder, but with longer-lasting symptoms.
The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.