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Gallium is a chemical element; it has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, [ 13 ] gallium is in group 13 of the periodic table and is similar to the other metals of the group ( aluminium , indium , and thallium ).
Twenty-nine radioisotopes are known, all synthetic, with atomic masses ranging from 60 to 89; along with three nuclear isomers, 64m Ga, 72m Ga and 74m Ga. Most of the isotopes with atomic mass numbers below 69 decay to isotopes of zinc , while most of the isotopes with masses above 71 decay to isotopes of germanium .
For other isotopes, the isotopic mass is usually within 0.1 u of the mass number. For example, 35 Cl (17 protons and 18 neutrons) has a mass number of 35 and an isotopic mass of 34.96885. [7] The difference of the actual isotopic mass minus the mass number of an atom is known as the mass excess, [8] which for 35 Cl is –0.03115.
A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z). [ 1 ] The definitive visualisation of all 118 elements is the periodic table of the elements , whose history along the principles of the periodic law was one of the founding ...
Compounds containing Ga–Ga bonds are true gallium(II) compounds, such as GaS (which can be formulated as Ga 2 4+ (S 2−) 2) and the dioxan complex Ga 2 Cl 4 (C 4 H 8 O 2) 2. [1] There are also compounds of gallium with negative oxidation states, ranging from -5 to -1, most of these compounds being magnesium gallides (Mg x Ga y).
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The normal form of gallium(II) sulfide as made from the elements has a hexagonal layer structure containing Ga 2 4+ units which have a Ga-Ga distance of 248pm. [1] This layer structure is similar to GaTe, GaSe and InSe. [1] An unusual metastable form, with a distorted wurtzite structure has been reported as being produced using MOCVD.