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Mardi Gras papier-mâché masks, Haiti. Papier-mâché (UK: / ˌ p æ p i eɪ ˈ m æ ʃ eɪ / PAP-ee-ay MASH-ay, US: / ˌ p eɪ p ər m ə ˈ ʃ eɪ / PAY-pər mə-SHAY, French: [papje mɑʃe] - the French term "mâché" here means "crushed and ground" [1]) is a versatile craft technique with roots in ancient China, in which waste paper is shredded and mixed with water and a binder to produce ...
[1] [3] The paper and cardboard used is mostly waste paper, such as old newspapers and boxes, with decorative elements, such as crepe paper being new. [2] [5] Most shapes are created with molds, then painted with acrylics. [5] Most of the production since colonial times has followed the annual calendar of religious and civic events.
These are dependent on physical contact between the fibres and can be broken by wetting of the fibres. The residual strength of a wetted paper can be less than 10% of the original strength. [1] Various techniques, such as refining of the pulp and wet pressing on the paper machine can be used to reduce the strength loss of the paper upon wetting ...
Paper chemicals designate a group of chemicals that are used for paper manufacturing, or modify the properties of paper. These chemicals can be used to alter the paper in many ways, including changing its color and brightness , or by increasing its strength and resistance to water. [ 1 ]
Waterproof paper uses special coatings (plastic-coated paper) and fibers to enhance durability, dimensional stability, tear resistance and resistance to changing ...
Unlike the normal papermaking process, air-laid paper does not use water as the carrying medium for the fibre. Fibres are carried and formed to the structure of paper by air. The air-laid structure is isotropic. The raw material is long fibered softwood fluff pulp in roll form. The pulp are defibrized in a hammermill. Defibration is the process ...
Image source: Getty Images. 1. Lockheed Martin. After its stock price reached an all-time high earlier this year, Lockheed Martin and its defense contractor peers have sold off considerably over ...
Handmade paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines. The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA) is the world-leading association for handmade paper artists. Handmade paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and in paper mills to check the quality of the production process.