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Cryonics (from Greek: κρύος kryos, meaning "cold") is the low-temperature freezing (usually at −196 °C or −320.8 °F or 77.1 K) and storage of human remains in the hope that resurrection may be possible in the future. [1] [2] Cryonics is regarded with skepticism by the mainstream scientific community.
Controlled-rate and slow freezing, also known as slow programmable freezing (SPF), [18] is a technique where cells are cooled to around -196 °C over the course of several hours. Slow programmable freezing was developed during the early 1970s, and eventually resulted in the first human frozen embryo birth in 1984. Since then, machines that ...
Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Primitive versions of cryogenic preservation basically just involved injecting a body with chemicals and then freezing it the regular way—something that causes frostbite, which is the ...
LES offers to freeze free of charge the first person desirous and in need of cryogenic suspension." Bedford did not take this opportunity, however, but later used his own funds. Bedford suffered from kidney cancer that had later metastasized into his lungs, a condition that was untreatable at the time. [5] Bedford died in 1967 at 73 years old.
At least six major areas of cryobiology can be identified: 1) study of cold-adaptation of microorganisms, plants (cold hardiness), and animals, both invertebrates and vertebrates (including hibernation), 2) cryopreservation of cells, tissues, gametes, and embryos of animal and human origin for (medical) purposes of long-term storage by cooling to temperatures below the freezing point of water.
This rapid freezing is done by submerging the sample in liquid nitrogen or a mixture of dry ice and ethanol. [6] American inventor Clarence Birdseye developed the "quick-freezing" process of food preservation in the 20th century using a cryogenic process. [7] In practice, a mechanical freezing process is usually used due to cost instead.
Instead, many biotechnology companies are researching the development of other cryoprotectants more suitable for such uses. A successful discovery may eventually make possible the bulk cryogenic storage (or "banking") of transplantable human and xenobiotic organs. A substantial step in that direction has already occurred.