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Squamous anal carcinoma, extensive perianal spread. Most anal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (epidermoid carcinomas), that arises near the squamocolumnar junction. It may be keratinizing (basaloid) or non-keratinizing (cloacogenic). [17] Other types of anal cancer are adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma or melanoma.
Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as epidermoid carcinoma, comprises a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells. [1] These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts .
Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin: Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin is generally distinguishable by for example relatively more cytoplasm, horn cyst formation, and absence of palisading and cleft formations. Yet, a high prevalence means a relatively high incidence of borderline cases, such as basal-cell carcinoma with squamous cell ...
Although case numbers tend to be rather small, and the published studies statistically underpowered, much (but not all) [15] evidence suggests that basaloid squamous cell lung carcinomas may have a somewhat worse prognosis than "conventional" (i.e. non-basaloid) squamous cell lung carcinomas.
A survey of 23 countries between 1983 and 2002 showed an increase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that was particularly noticeable in young men in economically developed countries. [221] [12] In the United Kingdom the incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in men rose 51%, from 7/100,000 to 11/100,000 between 1989 and 2006. [234]
For squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal, chemoradiation therapy (CRT) with 5-FU and mitomycin C is preferred over radiation alone, offering improved survival outcomes but with increased risks of acute hematological toxicity. [155] The use of radiotherapy in colon cancer is not routine due to the sensitivity of the bowels to radiation. [156]
Success of the preoperative regimen changed the paradigm of anal cancer treatment from surgical to non-surgical and was the advent of definitive chemoradiation (omitting surgery) being accepted as a standard-of-care for anal squamous cell carcinomas. Larger doses of radiation are used in modern chemoradiotherapy protocols versus the original ...
There is a risk of metastasis starting more than 10 years [citation needed] after diagnosable appearance of squamous-cell carcinoma, but the risk is low, [specify] though much [specify] higher than with basal-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell cancers of the lip and ears have high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis. [27]
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