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B cell activation: from immature B cell to plasma cell or memory B cell Basic B cell function: bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell, and differentiate into a plasma cell that secretes large numbers of antibodies. B cell activation occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), such as the spleen and lymph nodes. [1]
Cluster of Differentiation 86 (also known as CD86 and B7-2) is a protein constitutively expressed on dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, macrophages, B-cells (including memory B-cells), and on other antigen-presenting cells. [5] Along with CD80, CD86 provides costimulatory signals necessary for T cell activation and survival.
[9] [10] This is a key step in the production of high affinity antibodies as B cells and T cells need to interact in order to activate the Ig class switch. [ 9 ] CXCR5 has been shown to be expressed on both CD4 [ 11 ] and CD8 [ 12 ] T cells, though it is often regarded as the defining marker for T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells.
Mechanism of class-switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells. Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. [1]
Activation of T cells without co-stimulation may lead to the unresponsiveness of the T cell (also called anergy), apoptosis or the acquisition of the immune tolerance. [ 3 ] The counterpart of the co-stimulatory signal is a (co-)inhibitory signal, where inhibitory molecules interact with different signaling pathways in order to arrest T cell ...
The B cells develop dynamically after the activation of follicular B cells by T-dependent antigen. The initiation of germinal center formation involves the interaction between B and T cells in the interfollicular area of the lymph node, CD40-CD40L ligation, NF-kB signaling and expression of IRF4 and BCL6. [4]
In immunology, a naive B cell is a B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen. These are located in the tonsils , spleen , and primary lymphoid follicles in lymph nodes . Once exposed to an antigen , the naive B cell either becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell that secretes antibodies specific to the antigen that was originally bound.
Complement receptor 2 interacts with CD19, [7] [8] and, on mature B cells, forms a complex with CD81 (TAPA-1). The CR2-CD19-CD81 complex is often called the B cell co-receptor complex, [9] because CR2 binds to opsonized antigens through attached C3d (or iC3b or C3dg) when the B-cell receptor binds antigen. This results in the B cell having ...