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The history of Peru spans 15 millennia, [1] extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world.
1800 BCE – 900 BCE Early Chiripa, Kotosh, Cupisnique, Toríl (the Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built c. 1000 BCE), Las Haldas, Qaluyu, Pukara, Casma–Sechin: Early Horizon (Also called Formative Period) 900 BCE – 200 BCE Chavín, Late Chiripa, Paracas, Pechiche, Pukara, Sechura, Casma–Sechin Early Intermediate 200 BCE – 600 CE
Zaña Valley, northern Peru, irrigation canals have been dated to 5400 and 6700 years ago (3400 BCE and 4700 BCE) and show communal work. [1] [2] A frieze at the Sechin Bajo site of the Casma/Sechin culture has been dated to 3600 BCE, the oldest monument found in Peru. [3]
Reconstruction of one of the pyramids of Aspero. After the first humans — who were then arranged into hunter-gatherer tribal groups — arrived in South America via the Isthmus of Panama, they spread out across the continent, with the earliest evidence for settlement in the Andean region dating to circa 15,000 BCE, in what archaeologists call the Lithic Period.
The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu, [13] "the suyu of four [parts]". In Quechua, tawa is four and -ntin is a suffix naming a group, so that a tawantin is a quartet, a group of four things taken together, in this case the four suyu ("regions" or "provinces") whose corners met at the capital.
The Incas were most notable for establishing the Inca Empire which was centered in modern-day South America in Peru and Chile. [1] It was about 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) from the northern to southern tip. [2] The Inca Empire lasted from 1438 to 1533. It was the largest Empire in America throughout the Pre-Columbian era. [1]
Dating back to 1000 BCE, the Waru Waru Agricultural Fields on the Peruvian Altiplano are an ancient agricultural system that offer a unique pathway to food security amid a changing climate. They ...
The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity.Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's ...