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PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer membrane (a thin plastic film) which is permeable to hydrogen ions when it is saturated with water, but does not conduct electrons. It uses a proton-exchange membrane, or polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM), which is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while ...
High pressure electrolysis is the electrolysis of water by decomposition of water (H 2 O) into oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen gas (H 2) by means of an electric current being passed through the water. The difference with a standard electrolyzer is the compressed hydrogen output around 120–200 bar (1740–2900 psi , 12–20 MPa ). [ 146 ]
Efficient and economical water splitting would be a technological breakthrough that could underpin a hydrogen economy. A version of water splitting occurs in photosynthesis, but hydrogen is not produced. The reverse of water splitting is the basis of the hydrogen fuel cell. Water splitting using solar radiation has not been commercialized.
Hydrogen is a clean-burning fuel, and when combined with oxygen in a fuel cell — like a battery — it produces heat and electricity with water vapor as its only byproduct.
It can be lethal to multicellular organisms at concentrations over 50%. However, some prokaryotes like bacteria can survive in a heavy hydrogen environment. Heavy water can be toxic to humans, but a large amount would be needed for poisoning to occur. The most cost-effective process for producing heavy water is the Girdler sulfide process ...
The imperative to use low-carbon hydrogen to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has the potential to reshape the geography of industrial activities, as locations with appropriate hydrogen production potential in different regions will interact in new ways with logistics infrastructure, raw material availability, human and technological capital. [59]
The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of photobiological water splitting which is done in a closed photobioreactor based on the production of hydrogen as a solar fuel by algae. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions.
Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy. [1] The most common methods for producing hydrogen on an industrial scale are: Steam reforming, oil reforming, coal gasification, water electrolysis. [2] Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, because it is not naturally occurring ...