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Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a type of severe reaction that occurs in response to particular medications used during general anesthesia, among those who are susceptible. [1] Symptoms include muscle rigidity , fever , and a fast heart rate . [ 1 ]
Drug-induced fever is a symptom of an adverse drug reaction wherein the administration of drugs intended to help a patient causes a hypermetabolic state resulting in fever. The drug may interfere with heat dissipation peripherally, increase the rate of metabolism , evoke a cellular or humoral immune response , mimic endogenous pyrogen , or ...
Symptoms are sometimes misinterpreted by doctors as symptoms of mental illness which can result in delayed treatment. [11] Symptoms may also be mistaken for similarly presenting conditions such as malignant hyperthermia, serotonin syndrome, or withdrawal from illicit drugs such as alcohol cocaine, or MDMA. [7]
Recreational drugs such as amphetamines [17] and cocaine, [18] PCP, dextromethorphan, LSD, and MDMA may cause hyperthermia. [2] Malignant hyperthermia is a rare reaction to common anesthetic agents (such as halothane) or the paralytic agent succinylcholine. Those who have this reaction, which is potentially fatal, have a genetic predisposition. [2]
Onset of symptoms is typically within a day of the extra serotonin. [2] Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms and history of medication use. [2] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, and meningitis should be ruled out. [2]
Hyperthermia therapy (or hyperthermia, or thermotherapy) is a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is exposed to temperatures above body temperature, in the region of 40–45 °C (104–113 °F). Hyperthermia is usually applied as an adjuvant to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, to which it works as a sensitizer, in an effort to treat cancer.
Serious side effects can include malignant hyperthermia or high blood potassium. [4] It should not be used in patients with a history of malignant hyperthermia in either themselves or their family members. [3] It is unknown if its use during pregnancy is safe for the fetus, but use during a cesarean section appears to be safe.
If nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia or adrenal medulla are blocked, these drugs may cause autonomic symptoms. Also, neuromuscular blockers may facilitate histamine release, which causes hypotension, flushing, and tachycardia. Succinylcholine may also trigger malignant hyperthermia in rare cases in patients who may be susceptible.