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Lutes are stringed musical instruments that include a body and "a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body". [1]The lute family includes not only short-necked plucked lutes such as the lute, oud, pipa, guitar, citole, gittern, mandore, rubab, and gambus and long-necked plucked lutes such as banjo, tanbura, bağlama, bouzouki, veena, theorbo ...
The lute, or sinnitu, [181] may have originated in Mesopotamia, or it may have been introduced from surrounding regions, such as by the Hittites, Hurrians or Kassites, [182] or from the west by nomadic people of the semidesert plains of Syria. [183] It appeared in Mesopotamia about the same time as a similar instrument in Egypt, the nefer.
They excavated pieces of three lyres and one harp in Ur, located in what was Ancient Mesopotamia and is contemporary Iraq. [2] [3] They are over 4,500 years old, [4] from ancient Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic III Period (2550–2450 BC). [5] The decorations on the lyres are fine examples of the court art of Mesopotamia of the period. [6]
His reform is considered the first standardized system of measure in Mesopotamia. [4] The royal gur-cube ( Cuneiform : LU 2 .GAL.GUR, 𒈚 𒄥 ; Akkadian : šarru kurru ) was a theoretical cuboid of water approximately 6 m × 6 m × 0.5 m from which all other units could be derived.
Egyptian lute players. Fresco from the tomb of Nebamun, a nobleman in the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1350 BCE). Music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The ancient Egyptians credited the goddess Bat with the invention of music; though she was later syncretized with another goddess, Hathor.
The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. [5] In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern-Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. [6]
This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records.
The Halaf culture is a prehistoric period which lasted between about 6100 BC and 5100 BC. [1] The period is a continuous development out of the earlier Pottery Neolithic and is located primarily in the fertile valley of the Khabur River (Nahr al-Khabur), of south-eastern Turkey, Syria, and northern Iraq, although Halaf-influenced material is found throughout Greater Mesopotamia.