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Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular ... The empirical formula for benzene was long ... Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many ...
Benzene, the most widely recognized aromatic compound with six delocalized π-electrons (4n + 2, for n = 1). In organic chemistry , Hückel's rule predicts that a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties if it has 4 n + 2 π-electrons , where n is a non-negative integer .
Heteroarenes are aromatic compounds, where at least one methine or vinylene (-C= or -CH=CH-) group is replaced by a heteroatom: oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. [3] Examples of non-benzene compounds with aromatic properties are furan, a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring that includes a single oxygen atom, and pyridine, a heterocyclic compound with a six-membered ring containing one ...
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation , alkylation Friedel–Crafts ...
On the other hand, using the resonance energy of benzene (36 kcal/mole, derived from heats of hydrogenation) and comparing benzene (6α + 8β) with a hypothetical "non-aromatic 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene" (6α + 6β), a much smaller value of |β| = 18 kcal/mole emerges.
Consider para-disubstituted benzene p-F-C 6 H 4-Z, where Z is a substituent such as NH 2, NO 2, etc. The fluorine atom is para with respect to the substituent Z in the benzene ring. The image on the right shows four distinguished ring carbon atoms, C1, C2, C3, C4 in p-F-C 6 H 4-Z molecule. The carbon with Z is defined as C1(ipso) and ...
Benzyl is not to be confused with phenyl with the formula C 6 H 5. The term benzylic is used to describe the position of the first carbon bonded to a benzene or other aromatic ring. For example, (C 6 H 5)(CH 3) 2 C + is referred to as a "benzylic" carbocation. The benzyl free radical has the formula C 6 H 5 CH 2 •.
Clar's rule states that for a benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (i.e. one with only hexagonal rings), the resonance structure with the largest number of disjoint aromatic π-sextets is the most important to characterize its chemical and physical properties. Such a resonance structure is called a Clar structure. In other words, a ...