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With the unification of Germany and establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the Confederation evolved into a German nation-state and its leader became known as the chancellor of Germany. [4] Originally, the chancellor was only responsible to the emperor. This changed with the constitutional reform in 1918, when the Parliament was given the ...
The office of Chancellor has a long history, stemming back to the Holy Roman Empire (c. 900–1806), when the office of German arch chancellor was usually held by the Roman Catholic archbishops of Mainz. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Central Europe.
This is a list of chancellors of Germany by time in office from 1867 to 2021, including the Federal Republic of Germany and its predecessors. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater.
Chancellor Adolf Hitler assumed the duties of head of state as Führer and Chancellor from 1934 until his suicide in April 1945. In 1949, Germany was divided into two states. The Federal President, head of state of West Germany, became head of state for all of Germany following German reunification in 1990.
Olaf Scholz (German: [ˈoːlaf ˈʃɔlts] ⓘ; born () 14 June 1958) is a German politician who has been Chancellor of Germany since 2021. A member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), he previously served as vice chancellor in the fourth Merkel cabinet and as Federal Minister of Finance from 2018 to 2021.
He returned to Germany in 1951 to teach at the University of Cologne but again moved to the United States in 1955 and lived out his days in retirement in Vermont. Brüning remains a controversial figure in Germany's history, as historians debate whether he was the "last bulwark of the Weimar Republic" or the "Republic's undertaker", or both.
Diplomatic History 47.1 (2023): 139–160. Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy (1989) Hanrieder, Wolfram F. West German Foreign Policy, 1949–1979 (Routledge, 2019) Heidenheimer, Arnold J. Adenauer and the CDU: the Rise of the Leader and the Integration of the Party (1960) Hiscocks, Richard.
Angela Dorothea Merkel (German: [aŋˈɡeːla doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩] ⓘ; [a] née Kasner; born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021. She is the only woman to have held the office.