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In multivariable calculus, an initial value problem [a] (IVP) is an ordinary differential equation together with an initial condition which specifies the value of the unknown function at a given point in the domain. Modeling a system in physics or other sciences frequently amounts to
Boundary value problems are similar to initial value problems.A boundary value problem has conditions specified at the extremes ("boundaries") of the independent variable in the equation whereas an initial value problem has all of the conditions specified at the same value of the independent variable (and that value is at the lower boundary of the domain, thus the term "initial" value).
A standard proof relies on transforming the differential equation into an integral equation, then applying the Banach fixed-point theorem to prove the existence of a solution, and then applying Grönwall's lemma to prove the uniqueness of the solution.
Jayewardenepura Faculty of Applied Sciences The Sumangala Building, housing the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Physics. The university originally had five faculties: Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, Languages, Arts, Ayurveda, and Science. The faculties had 22 departments. [3]
Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP) is a book series published by Springer Science+Business Media in the field of physics, including articles related to both research and teaching. It was established in 1969.
The Japanese Journal of Applied Physics (JJAP) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1962 and is published by the Japan Society of Applied Physics. [1] From 1982 until 2008, the journal was published in two editions, Part 1 and Part 2: Part 1 was published monthly and was for regular papers, short notes and review papers.
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Natural convection also plays a role in stellar physics. Convection is often categorised or described by the main effect causing the convective flow; for example, thermal convection. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place.