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The map is often regarded as a surviving document from the expeditions of Zheng He in addition to accounts written by Zheng's officers, such as Yingya Shenglan by Ma Huan and Xingcha Shenglan by Fei Xin. It is the earliest known Chinese map to give an adequate representation of Southern Asia, Persia, Arabia and East Africa. [2]
Zheng He's treasure ships as depicted in the Tianfei Jing (天妃經), dated to 1420 (C. Y. Tung Maritime Museum) The Chinese treasure fleet as painted by Vladimir Kosov, dated 2018. The imperial order for the second voyage was issued in October 1407. [note 2] [42] [56] The edict was addressed to Zheng He, Wang Jinghong, and Hou Xian (侯顯). [56]
On 24 February 1425, he appointed Zheng He as the defender of Nanjing and ordered him to continue his command over the treasure fleet for the city's defense. [41] On 25 March 1428, the Xuande Emperor ordered Zheng He and others to take over the supervision for the rebuilding and repair of the Great Bao'en Temple at Nanjing. [ 42 ]
A Zheng He era inscription in the Jinghai Temple in Nanjing gave the size of Zheng He ships in 1405 as 2,000 liao (500 tons), but did not give the number of ships. [17] Alongside the treasures were also another 255 ships according to the Shuyu Zhouzilu (1520), giving the combined fleet of the first voyage a total of 317 ships.
English: Route of the 7th expedition of Zheng He's fleet (1431-1433). Solid line: the route of the main fleet from Nanjing to Hormuz, as described in Xia Xiyang (下西洋). Dashed line: a possible route of Hong Bao's squadron, to Bengal, Arabia and Africa, based on suggestions made in Dreyer (2007) (who uses Ma Huan 's Ying-yai Sheng-lan ...
Orders are issued to Zheng He to provide Hong Bao and envoys from 16 countries passage back to their countries; the treasure fleet takes its usual route to Ceylon where it splits up and heads for the Maldives, Hormuz, and the Arabian states of Djofar, Lasa, and Aden, and the two African states of Mogadishu and Barawa; Zheng He visits Ganbali ...
Map showing the voyages of Zheng He accepted by mainstream historians. In 1421, Gavin Menzies challenged these routes, claiming that Zheng He's fleet actually travelled all over the world, visiting the Americas, the Caribbean, Greenland, the Pacific, and Australia, establishing colonies, and eventually circumnavigating the globe. [15]
In 1405–1406, 1408-1410 and 1417, the treasure fleet under Zheng He visited the kingdoms of the Philippines such as Pangasinan, Manila, Mindoro and Sulu, establishing tributary relations and even stationing a "governor", Ko-ch'a-lao, to oversee them.