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The Python package NumPy provides a pseudoinverse calculation through its functions matrix.I and linalg.pinv; its pinv uses the SVD-based algorithm. SciPy adds a function scipy.linalg.pinv that uses a least-squares solver. The MASS package for R provides a calculation of the Moore–Penrose inverse through the ginv function. [24]
atan2. atan2 (y, x) returns the angle θ between the positive x -axis and the ray from the origin to the point (x, y), confined to (−π, π]. Graph of over. In computing and mathematics, the function atan2 is the 2- argument arctangent. By definition, is the angle measure (in radians, with ) between the positive -axis and the ray from the ...
numpy.org. NumPy (pronounced / ˈnʌmpaɪ / NUM-py) is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. [3] The predecessor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with ...
A right triangle with sides relative to an angle at the point. Inverse trigonometric functions are useful when trying to determine the remaining two angles of a right triangle when the lengths of the sides of the triangle are known. Recalling the right-triangle definitions of sine and cosine, it follows that.
In mathematics, the inverse function of a function f (also called the inverse of f) is a function that undoes the operation of f. The inverse of f exists if and only if f is bijective , and if it exists, is denoted by f − 1 . {\displaystyle f^{-1}.}
Smoothstep. Smoothstep is a family of sigmoid-like interpolation and clamping functions commonly used in computer graphics, [1][2] video game engines, [3] and machine learning. [4] The function depends on three parameters, the input x, the "left edge" and the "right edge", with the left edge being assumed smaller than the right edge.
Vectorization (mathematics) In mathematics, especially in linear algebra and matrix theory, the vectorization of a matrix is a linear transformation which converts the matrix into a vector. Specifically, the vectorization of a m × n matrix A, denoted vec (A), is the mn × 1 column vector obtained by stacking the columns of the matrix A on top ...
Lighting and reflection calculations, as in the video game OpenArena, use the fast inverse square root code to compute angles of incidence and reflection.. Fast inverse square root, sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt() or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5F3759DF, is an algorithm that estimates , the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of the square root of a 32-bit floating-point number in ...