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The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis for short, a.k.a. thyroid homeostasis or thyrotropic feedback control) is part of the neuroendocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism and also responds to stress. As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland.
The concentration of thyroid hormones (T 3 and T 4) in the blood regulates the pituitary release of TSH; when T 3 and T 4 concentrations are low, the production of TSH is increased, and, conversely, when T 3 and T 4 concentrations are high, TSH production is decreased. This is an example of a negative feedback loop. [5]
This is an example of a homeostatic negative feedback loop. Breakdown of the hormone. Exocytosis and other methods of membrane transport are used to secrete hormones when the endocrine glands are signaled. The hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process.
Thyroid gland. follicular cells of the thyroid gland produce and secrete T 3 and T 4 in response to elevated levels of TRH, produced by the hypothalamus, and subsequent elevated levels of TSH, produced by the anterior pituitary gland, which further regulates the metabolic activity and rate of all cells, including cell growth and tissue ...
Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system; i.e. how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body. [1]
Negative correlation of Jostel's TSH index to the urinary excretion of certain phthalates suggests that endocrine disruptors may affect the central set point of thyroid homeostasis. [28] Drugs that reduce the TSH index, probably via effects on the central set point of the feedback loop, include mirtazapine [29] and oxcarbazepine. [30]
Thus, to Barcroft homeostasis was not only organized by the brain—homeostasis served the brain. [12] Homeostasis is an almost exclusively biological term, referring to the concepts described by Bernard and Cannon, concerning the constancy of the internal environment in which the cells of the body live and survive.
The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck, in front of the thyroid cartilage, and is shaped like a butterfly, with two wings connected by a central isthmus. Thyroid tissue consists of follicles with a stored protein called colloid, containing[thyroglobulin], a precursor to other thyroid hormones, which are manufactured within the ...