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Prenatal testing is a tool that can be used to detect some birth defects at various stages prior to birth. Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. [1]
A number of defects can be detected before birth by different prenatal tests. [10] Treatment varies depending on the defect in question. [7] This may include therapy, medication, surgery, or assistive technology. [7] Birth defects affected about 96 million people as of 2015. [11] In the United States, they occur in about 3% of newborns. [8]
The total number of embryos affected by the use of thalidomide during pregnancy is estimated at more than 10,000, and potentially up to 20,000; of these, approximately 40 percent died at or shortly after the time of birth. [3] [9] [10] Those who survived had limb, eye, urinary tract, and heart defects. [6]
Ultrasound examination may also detect the problem. Medical imaging can confirm the diagnosis after birth. [5] Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect related to but distinct from other types such as anencephaly and encephalocele. [13] Most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother gets enough folate before and during pregnancy. [3]
Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or cause disease after birth. They may include aneuploidies, structural abnormalities, or neoplasms. Acardiac twin; Achondrogenesis; Achondroplasia
In most countries, routine pregnancy sonographic scans are performed to detect developmental defects before birth. This includes checking the status of the limbs and vital organs, as well as (sometimes) specific tests for abnormalities.
The most common abnormality the test can screen is trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).In addition to Down syndrome, the triple and quadruple screens assess risk for fetal trisomy 18 also known as Edwards syndrome, open neural tube defects, and may also detect an increased risk of Turner syndrome, triploidy, trisomy 16 mosaicism, fetal death, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, and steroid sulfatase ...
It was found that PZD led to a significantly higher rate of pregnancy (40.7% vs 15.4%), ongoing pregnancy (35.6% vs 11.5%), and implantation (18.1% vs 5.7%) than ZD. This suggests that using the mechanical method of PZD in blastomere biopsies for preimplantation genetic diagnosis may be more proficient than using the chemical method of ZD.