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Early pregnancy bleeding (also called first trimester bleeding) is vaginal bleeding before 14 weeks of gestational age. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If the bleeding is significant, hemorrhagic shock may occur. [ 1 ] Concern for shock is increased in those who have loss of consciousness , chest pain, shortness of breath , or shoulder pain.
Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, premature labor and threatened miscarriage. [6] Ultrasonography is the preferred method of diagnosis. [7] A chorionic hematoma appears on ultrasound as a hypoechoic crescent adjacent to the gestational sac. The hematoma is considered small if it is under 20% of the size of the sac and large if ...
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
Implantation bleeding may be confused with a regular period. [3] [4] Heavy vaginal bleeding in the first trimester or bleeding associated with pain, may be a sign of a complication, such as a miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy, that would need to be assessed by a healthcare provider. [5]
Obstetric ultrasonography is routinely used for dating the gestational age of a pregnancy from the size of the fetus, determine the number of fetuses and placentae, evaluate for an ectopic pregnancy and first trimester bleeding, the most accurate dating being in first trimester before the growth of the foetus has been significantly influenced ...
Vaginal bleeding occurs during 15–25% of first trimester pregnancies. [29] Of these, half go on to miscarry and half bring the fetus to term. [30] There are a number of causes including complications to the placenta, such as placental abruption and placenta previa.
There are three purposes of prenatal diagnosis: (1) to enable timely medical or surgical treatment of a condition before or after birth, (2) to give the parents the chance to abort a fetus with the diagnosed condition, and (3) to give parents the chance to prepare psychologically, socially, financially, and medically for a baby with a health problem or disability, or for the likelihood of a ...
Placental abruption defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies. [13] [50] Symptomatic presentations are variable: Some women can entirely ignore the symptoms, while others have mild bleeding or abdominal discomfort and ...