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The Briggs Plan (Malay: Rancangan Briggs) was a military plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs shortly after his appointment in 1950 as Director of Operations during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960).
Compromises on a number of issues, including citizenship, education, democracy, and Malay supremacy, were agreed on and set the stage for Malayan independence. [2] The CLC was chaired by Malcolm MacDonald, the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia. [1] The Communities Liaison Committee was a prototype for multiracial political ...
Although Malaya was effectively governed by the British, the Malays held de jure sovereignty over Malaya. A former British High Commissioner, Hugh Clifford, urged "everyone in this country [to] be mindful of the fact that this is a Malay country, and we British came here at the invitation of Their Highnesses the Malay Rulers, and it is our duty to help the Malays to rule their own country."
Map of present-day Penang, a 1,049 km 2 (405 sq mi) state in Malaysia that contained a population of 572,100 as of 1957. [1] The Penang secessionist movement was a separatist movement whose objective was to achieve the independence of Penang from the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia). Between 1948 and 1957, the movement was driven by ...
During the Malayan Emergency, 450 new settlements were created and it is estimated that 470,509 people, 400,000 of them Chinese, were involved in the resettlement program. The Malaysian Chinese Association , then the Malayan Chinese Association, was initially created to address the social and welfare concerns of the populations in the new villages.
Malaysia Day commemorates the formation of Malaysia in 1963, [4] when the four entities of North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Malaya federated to form Malaysia. [5] Some, especially people from East Malaysia , argue that it is illogical to celebrate 31 August 1957 as Malaysia's national day when Malaysia was only established in 1963.
The National Principles (Malay: Rukun Negara; Jawi: روکون نݢارا ) is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to the 13 May race riots, which occurred in 1969. [1] The riots proved at that time that Malaysian racial balance and stability was fragile.
More than 20,000 people witnessed the ceremony, which began at 9:30 a.m. Those in attendance included rulers of the Malay states, foreign dignitaries, members of the federal cabinet, and citizens. [3] The Queen's representative, the Duke of Gloucester presented Tunku Abdul Rahman with the instrument of independence. [3]