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One size fits all — A general rule of thumb is that the first year of a dog's life is equivalent to 15 human years, the second year equivalent to 9 human years, and each subsequent year about 5 human years. [3] So, a dog age 2 is equivalent to a human age 24, while a dog age 10 is equivalent to a human age 64.
Fat is a nutrient that provides more energy per gram than all other nutrients. [18] Fat provides 9.4kcal/g of gross energy (GE) compared to protein and carbohydrate which only provide 5.56 and 4.15 kcal/g respectively. [18]
The requirements and functions of nutrients in dogs are largely similar to those in cats, with many requirements relaxed: The requirement of arginine in the urea cycle is reduced, as dogs have a functional pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. [99] Dogs have a functional delta 6 desaturase, hence no specific need for arachidonic acid. [71]
Dogs get ample correct nutrition from their natural, normal diet; wild and feral dogs can usually get all the nutrients needed from a diet of whole prey and raw meat. In addition, a human diet is not ideal for a dog: the concept of a "balanced" diet for a facultative carnivore like a dog is not the same as in an omnivorous human.
This dietary advice for dogs resembles that for humans on balanced vegan diets, where it is also important to ensure inclusion of essential nutrients, such as calcium, iron, iodine, and selenium and vitamin B12 and vitamin D, possibly in the form of supplements, especially in pregnancy and early life stages. [5]
Up to 99% of a dog's calcium [4] and 85% of phosphorus are found in bones and teeth. [4] An ideal ratio of calcium:phosphorus in dogs is 1.4:1. Maintaining an optimum ratio allows for the continued tight regulation of calcium metabolism, which is important to many normal physiological functions throughout the body.
This entry measures the weight of inorganic material left over after the food is burned for two hours at 600 °C. Thus, it does not include water, fibre, and nutrients that provide calories, but it does include some nutrients, such as minerals [6] Too much ash may contribute to feline urological syndrome in domestic cats. [7]
A 2022 UK study of veterinary clinic data found a life expectancy of 11.31 years slightly above the 11.21 overall average but below the 11.82 average for crossbreeds. [22] A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.3 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds. [23]