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Terms used by scholars for the self-sufficient farmers at the middle economic level include "common people" and "yeomen." At the lowest level were the struggling poor whites, known disparagingly in some areas of the South as "Crackers." [2] In the colonial and antebellum years, subsistence farmers tended to settle in the back country and uplands.
By contrast, farmers in the Upland South cultivated land for subsistence, and few held slaves. The Upland South's population has mainly Scots-Irish and English ancestry. Because settlers were chiefly yeoman farmers, many upland areas did not support the Confederate cause during the American Civil War (see Andrew Johnson).
Katcher, Philip. Volstad, Ron. (1986) American Civil War armies: Volunteer militia Osprey ISBN 978-0-85045-679-0; Spencer, John D. (2006) The American Civil War in the Indian Territory Osprey ISBN 978-1-84603-000-0; Emerson, William K. (1996) Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978-0-8061 ...
The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (Vintage, 1967) Jewett, Clayton E., and John O. Allen. Slavery in the South: A State-By-State History (Greenwood Press, 2004) Kulikoff, Alan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800 (U of North Carolina Press ...
In the antebellum South there was no counterpart. The American Civil War devastated the rural, as cotton prices fell and the vast sums invested in slaves disappeared overnight. [43] Before the Civil War plantation owners handled the cotton or tobacco matters and met consumer needs of their family and slaves.
The main prewar agricultural products of the Confederate States were cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane, with hogs, cattle, grain and vegetable plots. Pre-war agricultural production estimated for the Southern states is as follows (Union states in parentheses for comparison): 1.7 million horses (3.4 million), 800,000 mules (100,000), 2.7 million dairy cows (5 million), 5 million sheep (14 million ...
In the years leading up the American Civil War they generally supported pro-south and pro-slavery positions, often electing Doughface politicians. Their settlements hugged much of the border between free and slave states along the Ohio River .
"Superior American Negro Cloths" advertised in a Charleston, South Carolina newspaper in 1826. Negro cloth or Lowell cloth was a coarse and strong cloth used for slaves' clothing in the West Indies and the Southern Colonies. [1] [2] [3] The cloth was imported from Europe (primarily Wales) in the 18th and 19th centuries. [4] [5]