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The 20 g centrifuge at the NASA Ames Research Center. High-g training is done by aviators and astronauts who are subject to high levels of acceleration ('g'). It is designed to prevent a g-induced loss of consciousness (g-LOC), a situation when the action of g-forces moves the blood away from the brain to the extent that consciousness is lost.
The simulator can be used by fast jet pilots to practice G-straining under the supervision of medical personnel. [5] The system contains a flight simulator that allows the pilot to "fly" and apply the G-forces as they would in a real aircraft.
Combining this with the vertical g-force in the stationary case using the Pythagorean theorem yields a g-force of 5.4 g. The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is a mass-specific force (force per unit mass), expressed in units of standard gravity (symbol g or g 0, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for grams).
Achieving a particular g-seconds value in a liquid–liquid centrifuge can be obtained in two ways: increasing the multiples of gravity or increasing the residence time. Creating higher g-force values for a specific rotor diameter is a function of rpm only.
Centrifuges are used in science and industry to separate substances. In the reference frame spinning with the centrifuge, the centrifugal force induces a hydrostatic pressure gradient in fluid-filled tubes oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation, giving rise to large buoyant forces which push low-density particles inward. Elements or ...
Density gradients for purifying cells are also run in these centrifuges. Swinging-bucket rotors tend to be used very widely because of the huge flexibility of sample size through the use of adaptors. [9] These machines have maximum rotor speeds of less than 10 000 rpm and vary from small, bench-top to large, floor-standing centrifuges. [11]
High g-force makes sedimentation of small particles much faster than Brownian diffusion, even for very small (nanoscale) particles. When a centrifuge is used, Stokes' law must be modified to account for the variation in g-force with distance from the center of rotation.
In centrifugation the clearing factor or k factor represents the relative pelleting efficiency of a given centrifuge rotor at maximum rotation speed. It can be used to estimate the time t {\displaystyle t} (in hours) required for sedimentation of a fraction with a known sedimentation coefficient s {\displaystyle s} (in svedbergs ):