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Boiled and steamed potatoes and tubers replaced soups throughout the formative period. [9] From isotopic analysis of human skeletons and archeological reference materials, tubers and potatoes were an integral part of the Andean diet throughout the formative and Tiwanaku periods, alongside the grain quinoa and animals such as llamas. [10]
The Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History is a book by John Reader outlining the role of the potato (the esculent of the title) in world history. [1] [2] It was also published under the titles The Untold History of the Potato and Potato: A History of the Propitious Esculent.
Food historian Lois Ellen Frank calls potatoes, tomatoes, corn, beans, squash, chili, cacao, and vanilla the "magic eight" ingredients that were found and used only in the Americas before 1492 and were taken via the Columbian Exchange back to the Old World, dramatically transforming the cuisine there. [17] [18] [19] According to Frank, [20]
Potatoes are underground tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile. Genetic studies show that the cultivated potato has a single origin, in the area of present-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia.
The dish, cooked slowly in a low oven, gradually absorbing the cooking liquid, has a crisp top layer of sliced potatoes, with a softer mixture of onion and potato beneath. It is usual to season it with some or all of garlic, herbs (particularly rosemary or sage), salt and pepper, and to top the dish with dabs of butter before cooking, but there ...
[5] Pliny the Elder writes extensively about agriculture from books XII to XIX; in fact, XVIII is The Natural History of Grain. [6] Crops grown on Roman farms included wheat , barley , millet , pea , broad bean , lentil , flax , sesame , chickpea , hemp , turnip , olives , pear , apples , figs , and plums .
The crops whose origin can be traced to the Americas - the New World. Crops indigenous to, but not exclusive to North or South America, are not included here . See also: New World crops and Columbian exchange
The large size of America and its long history of immigration have created an especially diverse cuisine that varies by region. American cooking dates back to the traditions of the Native Americans, whose diet included a mix of farmed and hunted food, and varied widely across the continent.