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"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" (sometimes shortened to ECREE), [1] also known as the Sagan standard, is an aphorism popularized by science communicator Carl Sagan. He used the phrase in his 1979 book Broca's Brain and the 1980 television program Cosmos .
Unsubstantiated claims, which lack specific evidence, involve some common fallacies, which can mislead other editors into false conclusions. Some common fallacies of baseless claims include: Begging the question - asserting a claim as if true but without proof; Argumentum ad nauseam - repeating remarks, typically with "walls of text" which lack ...
Inductive reasoning also does not provide absolute certainty about positive claims. [19] [10] A negative claim may or may not exist as a counterpoint to a previous claim. A proof of impossibility or an evidence of absence argument are typical methods to fulfill the burden of proof for a negative claim. [10] [22]
The claim "I am definitely a British citizen" has a greater degree of force than the claim "I am a British citizen, presumably". (See also: Defeasible reasoning .) The first three elements, claim , ground , and warrant , are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier , backing , and rebuttal ...
In inductive reasoning, one makes a series of observations and infers a claim based on them. For instance, from a series of observations that a woman walks her dog by the market at 8 am on Monday, it seems valid to infer that next Monday she will do the same, or that, in general, the woman walks her dog by the market every Monday.
The claim "I am definitely a British citizen" has a greater degree of force than the claim "I am a British citizen, presumably". (See also: Defeasible reasoning .) The first three elements, claim , ground , and warrant , are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier , backing , and rebuttal ...
Inferences are steps in logical reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE).
Hitchens's razor is an epistemological razor that serves as a general rule for rejecting certain knowledge claims. It states: "What can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence". [1] [2] [3] [a] The razor was created by and later named after author and journalist Christopher Hitchens.