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The Legal Construction of Identity: The Judicial and Social Legacy of American Colonialism in Puerto Rico (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association). Rivera-Batiz, Francisco L., and Carlos E. Santiago (1996). Island Paradox: Puerto Rico in the 1990s (New York: Russell Sage Foundation). Rodriguez, Clara E. (1989).
As such, the American citizenship of Puerto Ricans can be taken away by the U.S. Congress unilaterally. [1] [a] [2] [b] [3] [c] [4] [d] Puerto Ricans are also covered by a group of "fundamental civil rights" but, since Puerto Rico is not a state, Puerto Ricans are not covered by the full American Bill of Rights.
Certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship are issued on request by the Puerto Rico State Department to confirm a person's citizenship status in Puerto Rico to any persons born on the island and subject to its jurisdiction, as well as to those born outside of the island that have at least one parent who was born on the island. [85]
Puerto Ricans (Spanish: Puertorriqueños), [12] [13] most commonly known as Boricuas, [a] [14] but also occasionally referred to as Borinqueños, Borincanos, [b] or Puertorros, [c] [15] are an ethnic group native to the Caribbean archipelago and island of Puerto Rico, and a nation identified with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico through ancestry, culture, or history.
A fourth referendum was held on November 6, 2012, with 54% voting to change Puerto Rico's status but the federal government took no action to do so. [1] [2] The fifth plebiscite was held on June 11, 2017, With a voter turnout of 23%, it had the lowest turnout of any status referendum held in Puerto Rico. The independence option was linked to ...
A national coalition of stateside Puerto Ricans sent a letter to Biden urging him and a new White House Puerto Rico task force address issues around status and the financial crisis.
The United States acquired the islands of Puerto Rico in 1898 after the Spanish–American War, and the archipelago has been under U.S. sovereignty since.In 1950, Congress enacted the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 or legislation (P.L. 81-600), authorizing Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention and, in 1952, the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a ...
The political status of Puerto Rico is an ongoing debate. [36] ... social security taxes, ... By American standards, Puerto Rico is underdeveloped: ...