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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from antimicrobials, which are drugs used to treat infections. [2] This resistance affects all classes of microbes, including bacteria (antibiotic resistance), viruses (antiviral resistance), protozoa (antiprotozoal resistance), and fungi (antifungal ...
Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition. [1] The term is used in the context of resistance that pathogens or cancers have "acquired", that is, resistance has evolved.
Figures from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) showed there was an average of 148 severe antibiotic-resistant infections per day in 2021, up by 2.2% on the previous pandemic year (53,985, up ...
A variety of different bacteria - testing for antimicrobial resistance. Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR bacteria) are bacteria that are resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobial drugs. [1] MDR bacteria have seen an increase in prevalence in recent years [clarification needed] [2] and pose serious risks to public health.
The overuse of fluoroquinolone and other antibiotics fuels antibiotic resistance in bacteria, which can inhibit the treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Their excessive use in children with otitis media has given rise to a breed of bacteria resistant to antibiotics entirely. [ 30 ]
Multiple drug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance or multiresistance is antimicrobial resistance shown by a species of microorganism to at least one antimicrobial drug in three or more antimicrobial categories. [1] Antimicrobial categories are classifications of antimicrobial agents based on their mode of action and specific to target ...
For this reason, studying natural antibiotics and the patterns of antibiotic resistance that naturally arise in the wild may help us to predict and respond to antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. [6] Analyses of metagenomic sequence data are useful tools for understanding how human impact influences the spread of resistance genes. [13]
Cross-resistance to several antibacterials may also occur when a resistance mechanism encoded by a single gene conveys resistance to more than one antibacterial compound. [ 97 ] Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were, for a while, well controlled.