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It is a recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase), an enzyme which selectively cleaves DNA. [3] Dornase alfa hydrolyzes the DNA present in sputum/mucus and reduces viscosity in the lungs, promoting improved clearance of secretions. [3] It is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. [3]
Deoxyribonuclease II (DNase II) is also known as acid deoxyribonuclease because it has optimal activity in the low pH environment of lysosomes where it is typically found in higher eukaryotes. Some forms of recombinant DNase II display a high level of activity in low pH in the absence of divalent metal ions, similar to eukaryotic DNase II. [7]
Deoxyribonuclease I (usually called DNase I), is an endonuclease of the DNase family coded by the human gene DNASE1. [5] DNase I is a nuclease that cleaves DNA preferentially at phosphodiester linkages adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide, yielding 5'-phosphate-terminated polynucleotides with a free hydroxyl group on position 3', on average producing tetranucleotides.
Conventional vaccines contain either specific antigens from a pathogen, or attenuated viruses which stimulate an immune response in the vaccinated organism. DNA vaccines are members of the genetic vaccines, because they contain a genetic information (DNA or RNA) that codes for the cellular production (protein biosynthesis) of an antigen.
The adenovirus expressing the antigen 85A (ChAdOx1 85A), is used as vector for a tuberculosis vaccine candidate. [8] In 2017, the ChAdOx1 vector was used in a trial for a vaccine candidate against human malaria infection. The researchers studied two candidate vaccines ChAdOx1 LS2 along with MVA LS2.
The vaccine is given as an intradermal injection using a spring-powered jet injector. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This is because successful transfection of DNA vaccines requires traveling across both the cell plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane , [ 4 ] and using a conventional needle gives poor results and leads to low immunogenicity.
The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. [1] In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature.
Nirsevimab, sold under the brand name Beyfortus, is a human recombinant monoclonal antibody with activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). [10] [11] It is a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein‑directed fusion inhibitor [6] that is designed to bind to the fusion protein on the surface of the RSV virus.