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  2. Water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

    Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, ... The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves ...

  3. Sand filter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_filter

    This backwash water is run into settling tanks so that the floc can settle out and it is then disposed of as waste material. The supernatant water is then run back into the treatment process or disposed of as a waste-water stream. In some countries, the sludge may be used as a soil conditioner. Inadequate filter maintenance has been the cause ...

  4. Slow sand filter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_sand_filter

    The surface biofilm is the layer that provides the effective purification in potable water treatment, the underlying sand providing the support medium for this biological treatment layer. As water passes through the hypogeal layer, particles of foreign matter are trapped in the mucilaginous matrix and soluble organic material is adsorbed. The ...

  5. Water treatment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment

    Water treatment is any process that improves ... Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a substance is transported from the liquid phase to the surface of a ...

  6. Backwashing (water treatment) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)

    Spent backwash water is either discharged without treatment to a sanitary sewer system or is treated and recycled within the plant. [4]: 22.37–22.40 Historically, backwash water was discharged directly to surface water supplies; however, direct discharge is now highly regulated through NPDES discharge permits and is often discouraged.

  7. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    The water is distilled multiple times to ensure that it does not leave deposits on the machinery or cause corrosion. RO is used to clean effluent and brackish groundwater. The effluent in larger volumes (more than 500 m 3 /day) is treated in a water treatment plant first, and then the effluent runs through RO. This hybrid process reduces ...