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The late Romanesque tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France, 1130s. A tympanum (pl.: tympana; from Greek and Latin words meaning "drum") is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and an arch. [1] It often contains pedimental sculpture or other imagery or ...
In ancient Greece and Rome, the tympanon (τύμπανον) or tympanum, was a type of frame drum or tambourine. It was circular, shallow, and beaten with the palm of the hand or a stick. Some representations show decorations or zill-like objects around the rim. The instrument was played by worshippers in the rites of Dionysus, Cybele, and ...
Last Judgment by Gislebertus in the west tympanum at the Autun Cathedral The Temptation of Eve, detail, now at the Musée Rolin. Gislebertus, Giselbertus or Ghiselbertus, sometimes "of Autun" (flourished in the 12th century), was a French Romanesque sculptor, whose decoration (about 1120–1135) of the Cathedral of Saint Lazare at Autun, France – consisting of numerous doorways, tympanums ...
The tympanum thus has symbolic meaning, reflecting the belief that through death, the soul moves from one world into the next. The theologian and minister William Perkins wrote that death was "a little wicket or doore whereby we passe out of this world and enter into heaven."
The main tympanum, depicting 21 scenes of the life of Saint-Mary is framed by a quintuple row of sculpted archivolts, each representing several dozens of other biblical scenes, while the smaller tympana below (the northern one depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus and the southern one depicting the Birth of Christ and the Adoration of the Magi ...
Pedimental sculpture is a form of architectural sculpture designed for installation in the tympanum, the space enclosed by the architectural element called the pediment. Originally a feature of Ancient Greek architecture , pedimental sculpture started as a means to decorate a pediment in its simplest form: a low triangle, like a gable , above ...
The sheer size of the tympanum required that double lintels support it with a middle column to further support the sculpture. The left side of the tympanum displays the rise to the heavenly kingdom, and on the right is a portrayal of the demons in hell with an angel and a devil weighing the souls on a balance. [18]
Both Tympanum and Tambūr could be cognate with πανδοῦρα (pandoûra). [2] However, the tiompán is also thought to have been a kind of lyre, others contest it was a long-necked lute. [ 3 ] Medieval writings on the tiompan have listed it as distinguished from "nine-stringed cruits", and that the tiompan commonly had three strings.