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Stunted growth, also known as stunting or linear growth failure, is defined as impaired growth and development manifested by low height-for-age. [1] It is a manifestation of malnutrition (undernutrition) and can be caused by endogenous factors (such as chronic food insecurity) or exogenous factors (such as parasitic infection).
Undernutrition in children causes direct structural damage to the brain and impairs infant motor development and exploratory behavior. [14] Children who are undernourished before age two and gain weight quickly later in childhood and in adolescence are at high risk of chronic diseases related to nutrition. [14]
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hunger is the single gravest threat to the world's public health. [3] [4] The WHO also states that malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases. [3] Undernutrition is a contributory factor in the death of 3.1 million children under five every ...
[41] [42] This can be contributing to the child's hunger cues, as well as, the child eating for reasons other than their hunger (e.g., emotions). [43] [44] In a study conducted between 2008 and 2012, 22.5% of children aged 7–17 in day programs for eating disorder treatment were diagnosed with ARFID. [40]
For example, in the United States of America, one out of every six children is at risk of hunger. [citation needed] A study, based on 2005–2007 data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Agriculture Department, shows that an estimated 3.5 million children under the age of five are at risk of hunger in the United States. [28]
The causes listed are relatively immediate medical causes, but the ultimate cause of death might be described differently. For example, tobacco smoking often causes lung disease or cancer, and alcohol use disorder can cause liver failure or a motor vehicle accident.
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However, the burden of undernutrition among under-five children in African countries is much higher. A pooled analysis of the prevalence of chronic undernutrition among under-five children in East Africa was identified to be 33.3%. This prevalence of undernutrition among under-five children ranged from 21.9% in Kenya to 53% in Burundi. [29]