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  2. Vertical and horizontal bundles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal...

    In mathematics, the vertical bundle and the horizontal bundle are vector bundles associated to a smooth fiber bundle. More precisely, given a smooth fiber bundle , the vertical bundle and horizontal bundle are subbundles of the tangent bundle of whose Whitney sum satisfies . This means that, over each point , the fibers and form complementary ...

  3. Cartesian coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system

    Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation of a circle is (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 where a and b are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the radius. Cartesian coordinates are named for René Descartes, whose invention of them in the 17th century revolutionized ...

  4. Vertical and horizontal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal

    The word horizontal is derived from the Latin horizon, which derives from the Greek ὁρῐ́ζων, meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. [2] The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.

  5. Slope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope

    Slope. Slope: In mathematics, the slope or gradient of a line is a number that describes the direction of the line on a plane. [1] Often denoted by the letter m, slope is calculated as the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change ("rise over run") between two distinct points on the line, giving the same number for any choice of points.

  6. Abscissa and ordinate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscissa_and_ordinate

    In mathematics, the abscissa (/ æbˈsɪs.ə /; plural abscissae or abscissas) and the ordinate are respectively the first and second coordinate of a point in a Cartesian coordinate system: -axis (vertical) coordinate. Usually these are the horizontal and vertical coordinates of a point in plane, the rectangular coordinate system.

  7. Translation (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)

    A vertical translation means composing the function ⁠ + ⁠ with f, for some constant b, resulting in a graph consisting of the points ⁠ (, +) ⁠. Each point ⁠ ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} ⁠ of the original graph corresponds to the point ⁠ ( x , y + b ) {\displaystyle (x,y+b)} ⁠ in the new graph, which pictorially results in a ...