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  2. Refractive index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index

    This is the normal refraction of transparent materials like glass or water, and corresponds to a refractive index which is real and greater than 1. [26] [page needed] If the electrons emit a light wave which is 270° out of phase with the light wave shaking them, it will cause the wave to travel faster.

  3. Refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction

    Refraction of light at the interface between two media of different refractive indices, with n 2 > n 1. Since the phase velocity is lower in the second medium ( v 2 < v 1 ), the angle of refraction θ 2 is less than the angle of incidence θ 1 ; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

  4. List of refractive indices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refractive_indices

    Refraction at interface. Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers.

  5. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

  6. Birefringence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringence

    Light from the source is polarized in the x direction after passing through the first polarizer, but above the specimen is a polarizer (a so-called analyzer) oriented in the y direction. Therefore, no light from the source will be accepted by the analyzer, and the field will appear dark.

  7. Refractometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometer

    Standard refractometers measure the extent of light refraction (as part of a refractive index) of transparent substances in either a liquid this is then used in order to identify a liquid sample, analyze the sample's purity, and determine the amount or concentration of dissolved substances within the sample.

  8. Dispersion (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)

    Since that refractive index varies with wavelength, it follows that the angle that the light is refracted by will also vary with wavelength, causing an angular separation of the colors known as angular dispersion. For visible light, refraction indices n of most transparent materials (e.g., air, glasses) decrease with increasing wavelength λ:

  9. Maddox rod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_rod

    The Maddox rod is a handheld instrument composed of red parallel plano convex cylinder lens, which refracts light rays so that a point source of light is seen as a line or streak of light. [2] Due to the optical properties, the streak of light is seen perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. [3] Maddox rod and pen torch used in Maddox rod testing