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As Wegner described in 1960, [12] the bitwise AND of x with x − 1 differs from x only in zeroing out the least significant nonzero bit: subtracting 1 changes the rightmost string of 0s to 1s, and changes the rightmost 1 to a 0. If x originally had n bits that were 1, then after only n iterations of this operation, x will be reduced to zero ...
The node is linked to the array elements that were used to produce it, so as to build the tree structure. Only one such node in each array element is needed if only one parse tree is to be produced. However, if all parse trees of an ambiguous sentence are to be kept, it is necessary to store in the array element a list of all the ways the ...
Damerau–Levenshtein distance counts as a single edit a common mistake: transposition of two adjacent characters, formally characterized by an operation that changes u x y v into u y x v. [3] [4] For the task of correcting OCR output, merge and split operations have been used which replace a single character into a pair of them or vice versa. [4]
A basic example of string searching is when the pattern and the searched text are arrays of elements of an alphabet Σ. Σ may be a human language alphabet, for example, the letters A through Z and other applications may use a binary alphabet (Σ = {0,1}) or a DNA alphabet (Σ = {A,C,G,T}) in bioinformatics .
An adjacency list representation for a graph associates each vertex in the graph with the collection of its neighbouring vertices or edges. There are many variations of this basic idea, differing in the details of how they implement the association between vertices and collections, in how they implement the collections, in whether they include both vertices and edges or only vertices as first ...
To convolutionally encode data, start with k memory registers, each holding one input bit.Unless otherwise specified, all memory registers start with a value of 0. The encoder has n modulo-2 adders (a modulo 2 adder can be implemented with a single Boolean XOR gate, where the logic is: 0+0 = 0, 0+1 = 1, 1+0 = 1, 1+1 = 0), and n generator polynomials — one for each adder (see figure below).
The flyweight pattern is one of twenty-three well-known GoF design patterns. [1] These patterns promote flexible object-oriented software design, which is easier to implement, change, test, and reuse. In other contexts, the idea of sharing data structures is called hash consing.
Trie-Find(x, key) for 0 ≤ i < key.length do if x.Children[key[i]] = nil then return false end if x := x.Children[key[i]] repeat return x.Value In the above pseudocode, x and key correspond to the pointer of trie's root node and the string key respectively.